Health and well-being 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health and well-being 3 - Essay Example In such a highly demanding lifestyle the modern man lives, one would usually rely on the help of technology, making him used to sitting or lying down. In addition, the abundance of fast food centers is also a contributing factor to the growth of unhealthy lifestyle where people rely on the cheap and readily available but unhealthy foods. For instance, hamburgers could be hurriedly availed but it sure is full of fat. In addition, the upsize is usually a tempting choice especially during a long day in school or office. Colas are good matches for fast food picks and the upsize is also available for just few more cents, giving more sugar intake. Such influences have been a part of my life for a long time and breaking the practice usually is a struggle. Taking this class has reminded me of my responsibilities to myself, especially in taking care of my health which I can definitely control through self-discipline. I have made a few changes to my eating habits again, getting rid of unhealthy snacks like chips and colas which are sure contributors to diseases affecting the kidneys and other vital internal organs. I now rely on fruits for my sugar intake and eat more vegetables to strengthen my immune system. Eating at home has been frequent these past weeks and adjusting my schedule for me to be able to cook my own food has been deliberately planned. Picking my kitchen needs has given me more time to walk and make my social life healthier by meeting more people, communicating with those whom I meet in the department stores and not limiting my social life within the school. Preparing my own food allowed me to do more various activities, giving me room to relax, think and organize. Learning that sleep is essential to physical health, I made changes to my night activities for me to be able to sleep early and take enough rest, allowing my body to regenerate normally. With the

Critically analyse the specific nursing care of the woman undergoing Essay

Critically analyse the specific nursing care of the woman undergoing emergency caesarean section,2500 words - Essay Example The anatomy and physiological changes referring to pregnancy will also be established, especially in terms of anaesthesia. My role in preoperative care, preparation of the room and equipment, as well as the positioning of the patient will be included in this essay. Body The needs of the individual patient in this case would refer to the operating room needs, with an operating room made ready, the assisting nurse scrubbed and gowned, and the appropriate instrument tray prepared. Informing the appropriate team for the caesarean section would also be essential (Murray and Huelsmann, 2009). Individuals requiring notice would be the operative assistant, the charge nurse, the nursing supervisor, the anaesthesiologist, the OR team, and paediatrician. Information to be transmitted would include indications, how immediate the surgery needs to be, the gestational age of the mother, major pregnancy problems, medications given in labour, and allergies (Murray and Huelsmann, 2009). It is also imp ortant for the anaesthesia machine and a radiant warmer to be set up in the OR. The roles of the nurses also need to be assigned. As soon as the patient delivers, sponge counts and instrument counts would have to be undertaken (Murray and Huelsmann, 2009). Post-operative care is also in order, after appropriate un-scrubbing procedures carried out. The patient is then wheeled into the recovery room, monitored based on doctor recommended intervals. Monitoring of bleeding and infection is also needed, along with the administration of due medications, including antibiotics and pain medications (Littleton and Engebretson, 2005). It is important for the nurse to participate completely in the nursing care of the caesarean section patient because emergency caesarean sections imply an immediate procedure which is threatened by possible foetal or maternal distress or any other issues or complications of pregnancy (Iyer, et.al., 2006). The assistance of the nurse is essential in these cases in order to ensure a speedy, safe, and efficient delivery. It would allow for the efficient use of hospital resources with the ultimate goal of achieving improved and stable patient outcomes. It is also the responsibility of the nurse to assist the anaesthesiologist during the induction of the anaesthesia as well as the monitoring of the patient during the surgery, mostly in terms of vital signs monitoring or any adverse reactions to the anaesthesia (Maaloe, et.al., 2012). Spinal anaesthesia is usually preferred over general anaesthesia for caesarean patients. Although both anaesthesia techniques provide effective anaesthesia during the delivery, spinal anaesthesia provides more benefits for both the mother and the infant. In a review by Krisanaprakornkit (2006), the author established that both methods proved effective in providing anaesthesia. For spinal anaesthesia, the surgery can be initiated sooner, however the risk of hypotension requiring treatment seems apparent in spinal ana esthesia. General anaesthesia also offers better postoperative control (Ng, et.al., 2004). In relation to other postoperative outcomes, including nausea, postoperative back pain, postdural puncture headache, no effective or definitive conclusion could be established (Krisanaprakornkit, 2006). Regional

The Middle East And North Africa Mena Economics Essay

The Middle East And North Africa Mena Economics Essay Economic Integration is the elimination of  tariff  and nontariff barriers to the  flow  of  goods,  services, and  factors of production  between a group of  nations.  The purpose of Economic Integration is to allow the free flow of goods and service between nations that can benefit from the economic resources of partner nations. The Economic Integration Model used for this paper is MENA; commonly known as Middle East and North Africa. The countries and regions included in MENA are labeled in the map below http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/MENA.png The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is an economically diverse region that includes both the oil-rich economies in the Gulf and countries that are resource-scarce in relation to population, such as Egypt, Morocco, and Yemen. The MENA region includes the following countries: Algeria | Bahrain | Djibouti | Egypt | Iran | Iraq | Israel | Jordan I Kuwait | Lebanon | Libya | Malta | Morocco | Oman | Qatar | Saudi Arabia | Syria I Tunisia | United Arab Emirates | West Bank and Gaza | Yemen The MENA countries have signed a series of multilateral, regional, and bilateral trade agreements. Multilateral agreements are within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), of which, with the exception of Syria and the West Bank and Gaza, all countries in the region are members or have observer status. Ten MENA countries have signed European Union-Mediterranean Association Agreements (EMAAs) with the E.U. These agreements replace the preferential access to European markets for goods from African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries with a reciprocal reduction in tariffs on many goods. However, these agreements generally exempt agricultural commodities. The MENA region is also an oil rich region and the regions economic fortunes over much of the past quarter century have been heavily influenced by the price of oil. During the recession of 2008 that effected global economies and the demand for oil, it led to increase uncertainty for the MENA region because of its high dependence on oil price in the international market. As an integrated unit MENA has been able to cope with global recession because of its combined trade policy. In the years to come, integrated regions similar to MENA might be the answer to future problems and hence makes it important to look at costs and benefits of economic integration in the light of MENA. The paper will firstly look at the current problems and challenges faced by the MENA region and then look at the benefits of integration to the region Challenges faced by the MENA region In order to understand the challenges faced by the MENA region collectively, it is important to divide the region into groups and look at these problems in a coherent segregated manner. According to a report by OECD titled Opportunities and challenges in the MENA region these classifications are: Resource-rich, labor-abundant countries are producers and exporters of oil and gas and have large native populations, which represent almost the totality of their residents. This group of countries includes Algeria, Iraq, Syria and Yemen. Resource-rich, labor-importing countries are producers and exporters of oil and gas and have large shares of foreign or expatriate residents, who represent a significant percentage of the total population, even the majority in some cases. This group of countries comprises the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) and Libya. Resource-poor countries are small producers or importers of oil and gas. These countries include Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and the Palestinian Authority. (OECD, 2003) Unemployment The challenges faced by MENA include high unemployment levels (in particular among youth); pervasive corruption and lack of accountability and transparency; bloated public sectors with state-owned enterprises that crowdout the development of private enterprise and investment; low levels of enterprise creation; and, for a number of countries, a high dependence on fuel and food imports generating extensive exposure to commodity price volatility. Given that these challenges are both structural and interconnected, they can be addressed only through a coordinated and comprehensive strategy that involves governments, the private sector, civil society, and the international community which I will show later in the essay. The chart below from the World Bank shows unemployment rates for 2000 and 2009 in the MENA region, indicating the change in unemployment over nine years. (World Bank, 2011) Arab Spring Revolution Immigration is expected to increase in those countries most affected by the Arab Spring. Immigration to GCC countries, which already host significant shares of Arab immigrants, is expected to rise. Numerous accounts have been reported of Immigrants fleeing from Northern Africa to Europe. Furthermore, a survey of Egyptian young people by the International organization for Migration found that the onset of protests and instability may have acted as a primary push factor for youth who reported prior intentions to migrate. The surveys results showed that two-thirds of respondents with migration intentions who were working prior to the start of the protests were negatively affected by the events: 26 percent lost their jobs, 20 percent were asked to take unpaid leave, and 19 percent witnessed a reduction in their working hours. (International Organization for Migration, 2011) Inflation Data from OECD indicated that high inflation which is the product of a high dependence on fuel and food imports represents a major challenge for resource-poor countries. For the MENA region; consumer price inflation has remained high since the oil and fuel price spikes of 2007-08. This is particularly the case in Egypt, which registered an inflation rate of 5 percent during 1996-2005 and a significantly higher rate of 11 percent during 2006-10. A notable exception to high inflation has been Morocco, which has kept consumer price increases below 3 percent. (OECD, 2003) Costs and Benefits of Economic Integration in MENA Although the MENA region has registered a relatively high economic growth during the last few years, However;the absence of a vibrant private sector which would have been able to create more and better jobs, has meant that economic performance has not been reflected in improved living standards for the majority. As discussed earlier, some factors causing this deficiency are rigid labor markets, skills mismatches, the crowding out of private enterprise by SOEs and high corruption. But there are also other economic and structural factors, such as low levels of competitiveness in manufacturing sectors, lack of export-market diversification, and low intraregional integration which still exists in the region. Furthermore, although the Arab Spring provides an important opportunity for economic reform, although its immediate effects will be negative for those countries most affected by social and political instability Transition examples from other regions suggest that the medium-run gains from moving to more open and accountable governments are sizable. Income growth tends to stabilize at a higher average rate in the decade after transition, and income volatility at a lower rate, as compared with the previous period. The results will depend on how swiftly and credibly governments can commit to reform. In the meantime, as investors wait for political uncertainty to be resolved in countries affected by political turmoil, it is inevitable that investment will be delayed and economic challenges will emerge. Evidence from earlier transitions shows that these difficulties tend to be limited; growth typically dips for only one year and then returns to or exceeds previous levels. Integration via Trade in Goods Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have proliferatedin the MENA region in the past two decades. Such agreements can make it possible to reap benefits from internationalintegration, while tailoring the provisions ofthe agreements to the particular needs and adjustmentcapacities of the countries involved. They canalso have beneficial indirect effects. Opening domesticmarkets to partner countries, for example, can increasecompetition in sectors with previously highlyconcentrated industrial structures. Such precompetitive impacts are particularly important for countriesthat have only a nascent domestic competition policy.Also, regional cooperation can be effective in harmonizingcustoms procedures and domestic regulations.Adopting common rules on investment, forexample, has the potential to encourage increased inflowsof foreign direct investment by enhancing thecredibility of FDI-related policies and providing a restrainton sudden policy reversals. According to the World Bank many MENA countries have recently seen the share of intraregional trade in total merchandise trade increase dramatically over the past two decades. Compared to this; the extent of intraregional trade remains lowerthan in all other regions of the world, except for South Asia. Though the ratio of intraregional trade to GDP exceeds 15 percent in the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan, in most MENA countries the ratio remains in the low single digits. In particular, resource-rich, labor-importing countries generally show a very low level of intra-MENA exports in relation to GDP, despite high total export-to-GDP ratios. (World Bank, 2005). Integration through Services For an economy, services typically contribute a major portion to the GDP. Therefore, it is important to remove barriers to entryfor both domestic and foreign firms and increasethe efficiency of services. The current regional integration agreements inMENA generally do not cover services trade, and in areas where the agreements do cover services, it is in the terms of intentions and tacit agreements. Moreover, there still exist differences in regulations and at times limits on the physical movement of individuals. In these cases it is currently creating a situation in which it is often easier for MENA countries service providers to operate in countries outside the region than within. The chart below from the World Bank represents the service exports for selected countries in the MENA region. Integration through Labor reforms If we compare the regions integration through trade and labor we can see that the MENA region is more integrated in the globaleconomy through labor mobility than through tradeand investment. According to a report by the World Bank on the MENA region titled Economic Developments and Prospects it has outlined that the regions share of global trade flows is below 5 percent, andthe region receives an even lower share of globalFDI flows. However, about 16 percent of all remittancespaid out to migrants in the world originate inthe MENA region, essentially the GCC countries,and 10 percent of global remittances are received byresidents of MENA countries. (World Bank, 2008) They have also explained a recent trend where MENAs share in remittances has come down significantly since the 1990s, at atime when remittances to India, China, Mexico, andthe Philippines have increased exponentially. Thus looking closely at these huge labor flows in the past it becomes important to ask here if immigrations are entirely conflict-driven flows. This is not the case if we look at the chart below where the share of refugees as a portion of Migrants has decreased dramatically. One of the primary factors favoring the increase in immigration still appears to be demographics. According to population projections from the United Nations in context with labor force participation rates, show that, if there is no migration then the labor force in GCC countries will keep growing at 2.2 percent per yearbetween 2005 and 2010, but after 2010, this growth rate will decline. Thus, without additional migrant workers, two GCC workers would still have to supportthree inactive persons over the foreseeable future. This shows that if there are no drastic changes then underlying demographic factors will continue to favor more migration. Integration through Capital Flows Two developments frame the context for recenttrends in capital markets in the MENA region: countriessuch as Syria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisiahave begun to deepen structural and institutionalreforms, increasing the demand for capital The oil boom has generated massive liquidity in theGulf states, thus increasing the supply of capital. Compared with conditions in previous oil boomperiods, a higher amount of the surplus is now availableto the oil-exporting MENA countries and is beingchanneled into project-based investments in the region.GCC countries have already allocated over$1.3 trillion in infrastructure and manufacturing investmentsover the next 5 years according to the EIU outlook for 2007 (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2007) On the other hand, Project-based investments have recently been increasingespecially in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, andTunisia. These intra-MENA investments are mostly basedon telecommunications, infrastructure, real estate,tourism, and banking. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency has list of multibillion-dollar investment projects in MENA which is getting longer. According to them some recent investment projects include: A$9 billion tourism project by Dubai Holding and Emaar Holding in Morocco, Kuwaits Telecom Group (Wataniya) expanding into Tunisia, DubaiHolding acquiring 33.5 percent of Tunis Telecom ($2.25 billion), and the Bukhater Groups $5 billion City Complex project in Tunisia. To date, there are 15MENA national investment promotion agencies,most of which were established in the past decade.New investments are facilitated by private groupsand finance houses, and governments are closelymonitoring reform indexes published by internationalagencies to analyze the effects of greater investments intra-region. (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 2011) Integration through Infrastructure Investments In terms of Infrastructure investment recently, there have been cross-border infrastructure projects that are becoming more prominent in the region. Some of the examplesinclude cross-border electricity grids, gas pipelines,transport links, and telecommunication networks. However, there are still many regulatory and financial challenges.In the past, interconnection of power grids in theMENA region was primarily driven by governmentsconcerns about preserving power supply securityin their respective markets. On the other handother benefits,such as capital investments saving, are also considered,though these are not yet the main drivers fornetwork interconnection. The amount of exported and imported power still remains low in many cases. For instance reports from the World Bank show that only 12 percent of total capacity of theAlgeria-Morocco links is used, 17 percent in the case of the Algeria-Tunisia interconnection. (World Bank, 2011) With the exception of Yemen and Djibouti, transportsystems are well developed in MENA countries. Most countries have been able to develop extensiveroad networks, with high capacity in some areas, and modern facilities for air, sea, and railtransport. The key issue in the region is the quality of the transport assets as a result of the lack of appropriatemaintenance or of poor service operations due to institutional deficiencies. Cost-effectivetransport services, efficient facilitation, and transport infrastructure supplemented with good intermodalconnectivity are required to accommodate the growth in global and intraregional trade. However, regional integration initiatives still remain at an early stage of development in the transport sector.As a result of the closure of several borders in the region, land-based transport plays a minor role inintraregional trade in MENA. Conclusion In light of the recent developments and the challenges faced by the MENA region we can accurately see that there is still room for more substantial development in the region as a result of greater intra-regional economic region. Looking at results from the development of intra-regional trade and services we can see that the benefits outweigh the costs and it is important the reforms are taken at a governmental level to allow for greater de-regulation of markets and policies effecting trade flows between countries. Nevertheless, the recent oil boom and global commodity boom does leave tremendous room for development and growth in the region.

The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay: The Soul of Dorian -- The Picture of

The Picture of Dorian Gray "The soul is a terrible reality. It can be bought and sold. It can be poisoned or made perfect. There's a soul in each one of us. I know it." This is a statement made by Dorian Gray to his best friend, Lord Henry, a few hours after he realizes that his behavior of the last eighteen years has been absolutely terrible. First I shall explain the way Dorian Gray lost his ability to be good and how he found it again eighteen years later. After Sybil Vane's death, the young lad was first seized by terrible remorse. After abandoning her in the theatre with most cruel words, he reconsidered his action during the night and was ready to forgive her and marry her, as he had promised. So the news of her suicide was of course quite an unpleasant shock to him. Unfortunately Lord Henry was there to influence him with his corrupt and selfish personality. He taught... ...the soul exists. The soul is a "terrible reality", because it is stronger than any physical phenomenon of belief or disbelief. Whatever you do, it always remains in the depth of your heart and you will always depend on it, as you depend on your reality. If you poison it by neglect or ignorance, you try to sell it for what seems a cheap and easy price, but you cannot sell and separate from a reality that you are a part of; the unavoidable price of "buying" it back is very, very, high. The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay: The Soul of Dorian -- The Picture of The Picture of Dorian Gray "The soul is a terrible reality. It can be bought and sold. It can be poisoned or made perfect. There's a soul in each one of us. I know it." This is a statement made by Dorian Gray to his best friend, Lord Henry, a few hours after he realizes that his behavior of the last eighteen years has been absolutely terrible. First I shall explain the way Dorian Gray lost his ability to be good and how he found it again eighteen years later. After Sybil Vane's death, the young lad was first seized by terrible remorse. After abandoning her in the theatre with most cruel words, he reconsidered his action during the night and was ready to forgive her and marry her, as he had promised. So the news of her suicide was of course quite an unpleasant shock to him. Unfortunately Lord Henry was there to influence him with his corrupt and selfish personality. He taught... ...the soul exists. The soul is a "terrible reality", because it is stronger than any physical phenomenon of belief or disbelief. Whatever you do, it always remains in the depth of your heart and you will always depend on it, as you depend on your reality. If you poison it by neglect or ignorance, you try to sell it for what seems a cheap and easy price, but you cannot sell and separate from a reality that you are a part of; the unavoidable price of "buying" it back is very, very, high.

Outline of Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life

Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Lecture Outline Overview: Carbon – The Backbone of Biological Molecules * Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds. * Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules. * Carbon accounts for the diversity of biological molecules and has made possible the great diversity of living things. * Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter from inorganic material are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to atoms of other elements. These other elements commonly include hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P). (CHONPS) Concept 4. 1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds * The study of carbon compounds, organic chemistry, deals with any compound with carbon (organic compounds). *Organic compounds can range from simple molecules, such as CO2 or CH4, to compl ex molecules such as proteins, which may weigh more than 100,000 daltons. * The overall percentages of the major elements of life (C, H, O, N, S, and P) are quite uniform from one organism to another. However, because of carbon’s versatility, these few elements can be combined to build an inexhaustible variety of organic molecules. * Variations in organic molecules can distinguish even between individuals of a single species. * The science of organic chemistry began in attempts to purify and improve the yield of products obtained from other organisms. * Initially, chemists learned to synthesize simple compounds in the laboratory, but had no success with more complex compounds.The Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius was the first to make a distinction between organic compounds that seemed to arise only in living organisms and inorganic compounds that were found in the nonliving world. * This led early organic chemists to propose vitalism, the belief that physical and chemical laws did not apply to living things. * Support for vitalism began to wane as organic chemists learned to synthesize complex organic compounds in the laboratory. * In the early 1800s, the German chemist Friedrich Wohler and his students were able to synthesize urea from totally inorganic materials.In 1953, Stanley Miller at the University of Chicago set up a laboratory simulation of chemical conditions on the primitive Earth and demonstrated the spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds. * Such spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds may have been an early stage in the origin of life. * Organic chemists finally rejected vitalism and embraced mechanism, accepting that the same physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena including the processes of life. * Organic chemistry was redefined as the study of carbon compounds regardless of their origin. Organisms do produce the majority of organic compounds. * The laws of chemistry apply to inorganic and organic compounds ali ke. Concept 4. 2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms *With a total of 6 electrons, a carbon atom has 2 in the first electron shell and 4 in the second shell. * Carbon has little tendency to form ionic bonds by losing or gaining 4 electrons to complete its valence shell. * Instead, carbon usually completes its valence shell by sharing electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds. This tetravalence by carbon makes large, complex molecules possible. * When carbon forms covalent bonds with four other atoms, they are arranged at the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron with bond angles of 109. 5Â °. * In molecules with multiple carbons, every carbon bonded to four other atoms has a tetrahedral shape. * However, when two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all bonds around those carbons are in the same plane and have a flat, three-dimensional structure. * The three-dimensional shape of an organic molecule determines its function. The electron configuration of carbon makes it capable of forming covalent bonds with many different elements. * The valences of carbon and its partners can be viewed as the building code that governs the architecture of organic molecules. *In carbon dioxide, one carbon atom forms two double bonds with two different oxygen atoms. * In the structural formula, O=C=O, each line represents a pair of shared electrons. This arrangement completes the valence shells of all atoms in the molecule. * While CO2 can be classified as either organic or inorganic, its importance to the living world is clear. CO2 is the source of carbon for all organic molecules found in organisms. It is usually fixed into organic molecules by the process of photosynthesis. * Urea, CO(NH2)2, is another simple organic molecule in which each atom forms covalent bonds to complete its valence shell. Variation in carbon skeletons contributes to the diversity of organic molecules. * Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic mole cules. * The skeletons vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings. *The carbon skeletons may include double bonds. Atoms of other elements can be bonded to the atoms of the carbon skeleton. * Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. * Hydrocarbons are the major component of petroleum, a fossil fuel that consists of the partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago. * Fats are biological molecules that have long hydrocarbon tails attached to a nonhydrocarbon component. * Petroleum and fat are hydrophobic compounds that cannot dissolve in water because of their many nonpolar carbon-to-hydrogen bonds. Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different chemical properties. * For example, butane and isobutane have the same molecular formula, C4H10, but butane has a straight skeleton and isobutane has a branched skeleton. * The tw o butanes are structural isomers, molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms. * Geometric isomers are compounds with the same covalent partnerships that differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms around a carbon–carbon double bond. The double bond does not allow atoms to rotate freely around the bond axis. *The biochemistry of vision involves a light-induced change in the structure of rhodopsin in the retina from one geometric isomer to another. * Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of each other. * Enantiomers are possible when four different atoms or groups of atoms are bonded to a carbon. * In this case, the four groups can be arranged in space in two different ways that are mirror images. * They are like left-handed and right-handed versions of the molecule. * Usually one is biologically active, while the other is inactive. Even subtle structural differences in two enantiomers have important functional signi ficance because of emergent properties from specific arrangements of atoms. * One enantiomer of the drug thalidomide reduced morning sickness, the desired effect, but the other isomer caused severe birth defects. *The L-dopa isomer is an effective treatment of Parkinson’s disease, but the D-dopa isomer is inactive. Concept 4. 3 Functional groups are the parts of molecules involved in chemical reactions * The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions are known as functional groups. If we consider hydrocarbons to be the simplest organic molecules, we can view functional groups as attachments that replace one or more of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon. * Each functional group behaves consistently from one organic molecule to another. * The number and arrangement of functional groups help give each molecule its unique properties. * As an example, the basic structure of testosterone (a male sex hormone ) and estradiol (a female sex hormone) is the same. *Both are steroids with four fused carbon rings, but they differ in the functional groups attached to the rings. These functional groups interact with different targets in the body. * There are six functional groups that are most important to the chemistry of life: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups. * All are hydrophilic and increase the solubility of organic compounds in water. * In a hydroxyl group (—OH), a hydrogen atom forms a polar covalent bond with an oxygen atom, which forms a polar covalent bond to the carbon skeleton. * Because of these polar covalent bonds, hydroxyl groups increase the solubility of organic molecules. Organic compounds with hydroxyl groups are alcohols, and their names typically end in -ol. * A carbonyl group (>CO) consists of an oxygen atom joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond.* If the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton, the compound is a n aldehyde. * If the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton, then the compound is a ketone. * Isomers with aldehydes versus ketones have different properties. * A carboxyl group (—COOH) consists of a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group. * Compounds with carboxyl groups are carboxylic acids. A carboxyl group acts as an acid because the combined electronegativities of the two adjacent oxygen atoms increase the dissociation of hydrogen as an ion (H+). * An amino group (—NH2) consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton. * Organic compounds with amino groups are amines. * The amino group acts as a base because the amino group can pick up a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution. * Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, have amino and carboxyl groups. *A sulfhydryl group (—SH) consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the backbone. This grou p resembles a hydroxyl group in shape. * Organic molecules with sulfhydryl groups are thiols. * Two sulfhydryl groups can interact to help stabilize the structure of proteins. * A phosphate group (—OPO32? ) consists of a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds and one with a double bond). * A phosphate group connects to the carbon backbone via one of its oxygen atoms. * Phosphate groups are anions with two negative charges, as two protons have dissociated from the oxygen atoms. * One function of phosphate groups is to transfer energy between organic molecules.Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary energy-transferring molecule in living cells. These are the chemical elements of life. * Living matter consists mainly of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, with smaller amounts of sulfur and phosphorus. * These elements are linked by strong covalent bonds. * Carbon, with its four covalent bonds, is the basic building block in molecular archi tecture. * The great diversity of organic molecules with their special properties emerges from the unique arrangement of the carbon skeleton and the functional groups attached to the skeleton.

Macroeconomics and Managerial Decision Making Essay

A recession is defined as a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters (Farnham, 2014). The United States began to experience this crisis in 2007 and continued to feel its effects in early 2012 (Farnham, 2014). â€Å"Employment growth during the current recovery has been weak compared with past recoveries. It has taken nearly five years since the beginning of the economic expansion for nonfarm employment to return to its pre-recession peak† (Laderman & Leduc, 2014, para 2). New businesses or â€Å"start-ups† grew very slowly during the recovery phase. â€Å"Because start-ups generate jobs at a much faster pace than older businesses during recoveries, the account for a significant portion of job growth in the economy, even though their share of overall employment is quite small† (Laderman & Leduc, 2014, para 2). â€Å"Employment at start-ups was particularly hard-hit during the Great Recession, suffering a much steeper decline in growth compared with more mature businesses compared with start-ups in previous recessions† (Laderman & Leduc, 2014, para. 3). Healthcare is also affected by economic changes. The results are usually seen later than some other areas as during periods of layoff employees are generally afforded a severance package that covers their insurance for a period of time (Bassett, 2008). â€Å"Surgeries are one part of the health care industry that is affected by the economy. From out-of-pocket procedures like Lasik to surgeries covered by insurance, many patients are more reluctant to undergo procedures that are more expensive than a regular doctor’s visit† (Bassett, 2008, p. 19). The life insurance industry also felt a change in their capital levels in 2008 (Cooper & Frank, 2011). â€Å"Best summarized 2008 as â€Å"among the worst in memory for life/annuity operating performance†Ã‚  (Cooper & Frank, 2011, p. 78). Puerto Rico has been in a multiyear recession beginning in 2006 and it anticipates it will continue through 2015 with a possible end in sight beginning in 2016 (Ruiz, 2015). â€Å"Puerto Rico’s manufacturing sector has seen a sharp decline in investment since the expiration of tax-free credits in 2006, given by the US to corporations in the Commonwealth, which has been the main driver of the recession† (Ruiz, 2015, p. 1). Although the real estate market in Puerto Rico now appears to be becoming more attractive. â€Å"Puerto Rican real estate is becoming increasingly attractive, as the multiyear recession depressed price growth† (Ruiz, 2015, p. 2). A period of slow economic growth is not a good time to invest, expand, or start-up your business. Personal assets are an important part of the funding process for new businesses and the downturn of the housing market weakened the ability for many to invest, expand, or begin a young company (Laderman & Leduc, 2014). References Bassett, E. (2008). Health care sacrificed during economic slowdown. Fort Wayne Business Press, 19-19. Farnham, P.G. (2014). Economics for Managers 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Laderman, L., & Leduc, S. (2014). Slow business start-ups and the job recovery. FRBSF Economic Letter, 20. Ruiz, G. (2015). Consumption weak despite a recovery in investment. Latin American Monitor, 1-2.

Oodgeroo Noonuccal Essays

Oodgeroo Noonuccal Essays Oodgeroo Noonuccal Essay Oodgeroo Noonuccal Essay 1: A) Indicate the Indians’ puzzlement over the ways of the white men. The line â€Å"and I don’t understand† is using repeatition through the story and conveys the confusion and puzzlement over the white men’s ways. B) Show the Indians’ disapproval of the whites’ treatment of land. Phrases like â€Å"there is no quiet place in the white man’s cities† display the disapproval the Indians have over the whites’ treatment. C) Words that show the importance to the Indians of their ancestors’ graves Sentences like â€Å"Our dead never forget this beautiful earth† and â€Å"The water’s murmur is the voice of father’s father. Portray the importance of their ancestors’ graves and how the Indians feel about it. 2: a) How does the Indian see the idea of selling and buying land? The Indian sees selling and buying land as wrong and unnatural. The land is one with man and shouldn’t be abused. b) What condition does the chief set upon selling his land? The condition is for the white man to take care of the land and teach the future generations of how the land came to be and what it will be in future times. c) How does the Indian regard all living things The Indian reveres all living things as being the soul of the earth. If man replaces the living things with man-made apparatus the soul of the earth will die. 3: a) The Indian is mainly interested in little things like â€Å"every shining pine needle† and â€Å"humming insect† b) The Indian was silly enough to think the train was a â€Å"smoking iron horse† c) The Indian’s hearing was acute enough to hear sounds such as â€Å"the unfurling of leaves of Spring† These quotes are misleading because without the framework the writer intended the quote sounds shallow and insubstantial. But also taking the quotes too literally when really the author is using a metaphor. 4: a) â€Å"The Great Chief sends word he will reserve us a place so that we can live comfortably to ourselves† b) â€Å"I have seen a thousand rotting buffaloes on the prairie, left by the white man who shot them from a passing train† c) â€Å"Even the white man whose God walks and talks to him as friend to friend cannot be exempt from the common destiny† 5: The misquote is the first one with the correct quote being â€Å"The shining water that moves in the streams and rivers is not just water but the blood of our ancestors† 6: a) This quote is patronising. The writer stating almost obviously that he finds the Great Chief wrong. b) This quote is a comment on how the white man would assume that the red man has no idea because he is a savage. c) The white man sees himself as very different yet the writer feels they may have more in common than the white man thinks.

Rhythmic Gymnastics Essays - Gymnastics, Rhythmic Gymnastics, Hoop

Rhythmic Gymnastics Essays - Gymnastics, Rhythmic Gymnastics, Hoop Rhythmic Gymnastics Rhythmic Gymnastics Rhythmic gymnastics is a really genuine and flexible sport. The sport dates way back into the 1800s. The founding of rhythmic gymnastics cannot be directed to one person or movement, but to many great thinkers and control of the body. It wasnt until in the twentieth century that people started to know what rhythmic gymnastics was. A lady by the name of Francis Delsarte (1811-1871) who created a system of gymnastics that dealt with flexibility, strength and coordination. The Delsarte system of gymnastics was never meant to be anything big: but the method, and the healthy philosophies caught the attention of the dance world. As it got known to the world, it became more and more competitive and more gymnastics and props were added. But it wasnt until 1984 that they made rhythmic an individual competitive event in the Olympics. The 1996 Olympics was the first to include group competition. World championships have been held biannually, in succession of host cities, since 1963. It is a modern type of gymnastics with the performance of systematic physical exercise with the aid of such hand apparatuses such as ropes, hoops, balls, clubs, and ribbons. The elements include jumps, leaps, pivots, balances, and flexibility movements. Element routines are performed utilizing various pieces. Rhythmic gymnastics is a combination of gymnastic techniques and fluid dance-like movements, choreography, balance and agility with the hand items. Coordination and control are the two main essentials as the gymnast performs in harmony to the selected music beat. The ropes are used for the elegant and graceful way you move. The gymnast may leap or jump through the open or folded rope. Rope movements include swings, circles, wraps, figure-eights, and tosses and catches. The rope may be hemp or synthetic rope. The way they would average the size of rope that was needed was by the height of the gymnast. It should never sag to the ground during routines and must be in constant movement. The rope also has to be knotted at both ends or therefore you get counted off. The hoops are the most largest apparatus in rhythmic gymnastics. The most impressive things about the hoops are the high tosses and complex catches in various fashions. Other common movements include swings, rolls, spins, passes through and rotations around the hand and other body parts. The hoop is a wood or plastic, eighty to ninety centimeter diameter, 300 grams minimum weight. The hoop as well is usually wrapped with metallic tape to make it look more interesting, but at the same time, to give the hoop more support. One of the hardest apparatus to master is the ball. Because of its shape which is hard to grip, it makes it the hardest one to get down. Every movement you make it should be very slow and smooth, in order to get the full effect of the rhythm. Movements, include circles, tosses and catches, rolling along on different parts of the body. And bouncing the ball without it touching the ground for longer than a 2 second repeat. The ball is made of rubber, eighteen twenty centimeter diameter and only weighs minimum of 400 grams weight. Clubs are an interesting apparatus, which is immensely difficult to control because there are two clubs to handle throughout the whole routine. Routine use of the clubs include swings, circles, mills, tosses and catches, and rhythmical tapping. The clubs are made of wood or synthetic material. They are about forty to fifty centimeters long, and weigh about hundred and fifty grams each. They look like something mexican maracca. The one apparatus that is most associated with the rhythmic gymnastics because of its length and color is the ribbon. The ribbon measures up to 6 meters in length. It must be in constant movement throughout the whole routine. It is very easy to get the long satin feeling piece knotted up. This apparatus consists of the stick and the satin ribbon itself. The ribbon is only four to six centimeters in width and is only about six meters in length. Some of the elements that the you could do with the ribbon are snakes, spirals, circles, tosses and catches. While writing this paper, I have found out that

Placement of Spanish Adverbs

Placement of Spanish Adverbs As a general rule, Spanish adverbs  and adverbial phrases  are placed near the word they modify, generally right before or after. English is more flexible in this regard- it is common in English to see an adverb placed further away from the word it modifies, often tacked on the end. Examples of Adverbial Placement Note, for example, the differences in these two equivalent sentences: Aprobà ³ facilmente el examen de geometrà ­a euclidiana.She passed the Euclidian geometry test easily. In Spanish the adverb, facilmente, comes immediately after the verb, aprobà ³. In English, however, easily comes at the end of the sentence, with four words coming between it and the verb. Although it would be possible to place easily immediately before passed, it also would be acceptable to place an additional description after test and still keep easily at the end. In Spanish, it is possible to place the adverb after the object of a verb, but only if the object is made up of just a word or two. For example, either of these sentences would be an acceptable translation for The county issued two licenses previously: El condado emitià ³ dos licencias previamente.El condado emitià ³ previamente dos licencias. Emitià ³ here is the verb in the sentence, and previamente is the adverb. Previamente couldnt be placed at the end if licensias were followed by a description. For example, if the sentence were talking about business licenses, licencias de empresa, previamente would have to be placed next to emitià ³: El condado emitià ³ previamente dos licensias de empresa. If many words had followed the verb, the adverb would not be able to used at the end. An example using a variation on the last sentence would be: El condado emitià ³ previamente dos licencias de matrimonio para parejas jovenes.  The adverb previamente has to go close to the verb emitià ³. Otherwise, native speakers would not immediately connect the meaning of the adverb with the verb. Before or After the Word Being Modified? Depending on how the adverb is used, it can be placed before or after the word being modified. For example, is the adverb modifying a verb, another adverb, or an adjective? The type of word being modified usually determines where the adverb is placed in the sentence. Usually, an adverb that modifies a verb is placed after the verb. For example, The economy is based principally on three businesses, is translated as,  La economà ­a se basa principalmente en tres empresas.  Basa is the verb and principalmente is the adverb. Adverbs of Negation Exceptions to this rule are adverbs of negation such as no  or nunca, meaning no or never. Negating adverbs always precede the verb. For example, No quiero ir al cine, means,  I dont want to go to the movies. The adverb, no, comes before the verb, quiero.  Another example,  Marà ­a nunca habla de su vida personal, means, Marà ­a never talks about her personal life. The placement of the adverb is exactly the same as in English. The adverb, never or nunca, goes immediately before the verb, talks or habla. Modifying Another Adverb An adverb that modifies another adverb comes before the adverb being modified. For  example,  Pueden moverse tan rpidamente como la luz, means,They can move as quick as light. The literal translation of the sentence is, They can move really fast like the light. Tan, meaning really, is modifying  rpidamente, meaning,fast. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives An adverb that modifies an adjective comes before the adjective. Estoy muy contento, means, I am very happy.  Muy is an adverb that means, very, and contento is the adjective, meaning happy.   Adverbs Modifying an Entire Sentence An adverb that modifies an entire sentence often comes at the beginning of the sentence, but there is some flexibility, and it can be  placed in different spots in the sentence. For example, take a look at the sentence, Possibly, Sharon will postpone her trip. There are three possible placements of the adverb, posiblemente, and they are all correct: Before the verb:  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Sharon  posiblemente  retrasar su viaje.After the verb:  Sharon retrasar  posiblemente  su  viaje.At the beginning of the sentence:  Posiblemente, Sharon retrasar su viaje.   Key Takeaways Spanish adverbs are placed close, and usually next to, the words they modify.Descriptive Spanish adverbs usually come after the verbs they modify but before adjectives they modify.When an adverb modifies the meaning of the entire sentence, its placement is flexible.

Law of Criminal in Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law of Criminal in Germany - Essay Example 1. The first section of the criminal law suggests that an offense is subject to punishment only when the law establishes the criminal liability before the commission of the act. 2. Law in force determines the penalty of any criminal act during the criminal act 3. If a crime is committed jointly, each shall be liable for his or her criminal act. 4. Any individual who willingly leads another intentionally to a criminal act (abettor) he/she will be confirmed as though he/she was the crime offender. 5. The German law provides for a fixed term incarceration unless the law dictates life imprisonment. 6. The maximum imprisonment for a criminal act is fifteen years and a minimum of one month or term 7. The impacts of the sentence the offender is expected to encounter in the future life will be taken into consideration. 8. The court weighs the circumstances against an for the criminal. Moreover, consideration is also made considering the motives of the offender. Other things considered include the attitude of the offender and force of will degree involved in committing the crime. The consequences of the offender that affect him, the history of the offender and the conduct of the offender after the offence. 9. Conditions that are already legal of the offense should not be considered. 10. The court shall not provide imprisonment of less than six months unless they are special conditions, either in the committed offence or the victim.

Issues concerning the rights of minority members in Australia and the Essay

Issues concerning the rights of minority members in Australia and the manner in which shareholder rights may be protected - Essay Example Australia is a nation with strong legal system with a higher level of legal protection for shareholders and creditors2 compared to other nations (La Porta et al, 1998, 1999).In this essay, the various issues concerning the minority shareholder rights in Australia and the different ways by which the shareholder rights may be protected are discussed in detail. This is organized as follows. In the second section, the theoretical perspectives of corporate governance and the problems between directors and shareholders are discussed. In the third section, the directors and shareholders; rights and obligations are discussed. In the fourth section, various issues regarding the minority shareholder rights are discussed. In the fifth section, various remedies for protecting minority shareholder rights are discussed in detail. The fifth section concludes the essay. Starting from classical economists like Smith (1776), Berle, and Means (1932), many studies have been done on the conflicts of interests between the principal or investors and the agent or managers. The idea of separating the concepts of ownership and control has been developed based on these studies. The role of corporate governance comes in this context. According to Shleifer and Vishny (1997), corporate governance is given a broad definition.Corporate governance â€Å" deals with the ways in which suppliers of finance to corporations assure themselves of getting a return on their investment†. OECD(1999) defines corporate governance as â€Å"the system by which business corporations are directed and controlled. The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation, such as the board, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders, and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions on corporate affairs. By doing this, it also provides the structure through which the company objectives are

Intellectual property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Intellectual property - Essay Example Every corporation depends on its intellectual property for proper functioning. Intellectual property often include valuable knowledge on the manner in which an organisation conducts its business, make decisions, manufacture its products or knowledge about the customers of the firm among others. Can you imagine how it would be if your competitors in the make had free access to crucial information on how you do your business, which is the source of your competitive advantage? This paper explores how the Coca-Cola Company has managed its intellectual property in the past and also gives recommendations for improvement. The Coca-Cola Company Ltd. is an American transnational company that manufactures and distributes non-alcoholic beverages all over the world. The company has maintained full control of its beverage concentrates and syrup for many years. The corporation is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. The company’s brand name is synonymous with its popular product-Coca-Cola, invented by John Stith Pemberton, a pharmacist in the year 1886. The company’s beverage formula as well as the Coca-Cola brand was purchased in 1889 by Asa Candler, who proceeded to register the company in 1892. On top of the popular Coca-Cola brand, the company now offers more than five hundred brands in the global market. The company runs a distribution system where it focuses on the production of syrup concentrate, which it distributes to authorized bottlers across the world. The company owns the trademark under which the bottlers operate and retains full control of the production process. As a worldwide producer and distributer of non-alcoholic beverages and soft drinks, the Coca-Cola Company possesses numerous resources that make it possible to execute its production process through to distribution to the final consumers. The corporation owns both tangible and intangible assets, which facilitates its production process and distribution to the final

Philosophy on Dreaming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy on Dreaming - Essay Example The central nervous system, which is active even in sleep, can pay full attention to a dreamer's intrapsychic processes only when it is not distracted by environmental stimuli. If these stimuli exceed a certain intensity, they interrupt dreams, just as acute anxiety associated with fears of a dreamed conflict stops the process of dreaming. Mild, subliminally perceived environmental distractions are usually incorporated into dream events without misrepresentation of the main dream message. Analysts also look for any allusions to the manner in which dreamers guide, control, or curb their overt social behavior. When dreamers' behaviors and personalities change, dreams change also. Personality means the function a character plays, intentionally or unconsciously, in psychosocial relationships; role encompasses the intrapsychic processes and the conscious or unconscious overt behavior of the individual. One's mental states like values, desires, intentions are functions determined by the brain states. Brain states depends upon the state of affairs and events one is through with or going through at the same instant.

Police Corruption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Police Corruption - Essay Example This can be attributed to the fact that the word ‘corruption’ is not actually neutral. This implies that anything said to be corrupt is just bad and cannot be tolerated. As a result people tend to pay les attention to what is preferred as corrupt action. Hence police corruption has been viewed as a type of subculture. One form of police corruption is the petitioning for and receiving bribes in return for not reporting a crime or any illegal activity as suggested by Cole and Smith (2007. Other form may include a police officer breaking the police code of conduct so as to prevent conviction of a suspect, for instance via the use of untrustworthy evidence. In most major cities like in the cities of the United States, there are sections of internal affairs whose work is to investigate police officers who have been suspected of corrupt actions. For instance in the United States there is the Knapp Commission which inspected issues of police corruption in the New York city in t he 1970’s. There are various sorts of police corruption acts; one is the corruption of authority where police officers are given free items by the suspects. Secondly, there is the act of opportunistic theft from the suspects and the victims of a criminal act. The other act of corruption is the kickbacks which refer to receiving payment through referring individuals to other businesses. Shakedowns are other acts of corruption which refer to receiving bribes instead of pursuing a crime. Another corrupt act is a police officer protecting illegal activity by individual and accepting payments in return from the individual involved. Fixing is another corrupt crime which involves the police officer withholding evidence on a crime or not presenting himself or herself in court during the judicial hearing for favor of the suspect. Another act of corruption is the internal payoff whereby prerogatives of the law enforcing organizations for instance holidays are sold and bought. The other sort of police cor ruption is where the police officers engage in the direct criminal activities. Last but not the least is the frame-up sort of police corruption where the police officer ads or removes information about suspects evidence in his/her favor. In American policing some forms of police corruption can be a norm as opposed to exception. However despite the form of police corruption it might be, police corruption is illegal and those who practice it should face the law. Incarceration Police corruption can be a major threat to the issue of incarceration. As a result reducing police corruption can reduce incarceration. This is due to the fact that if police officers fail to receive bribes many criminals will reduce their criminal acts hence reduced imprisonment. Reducing or ending police corruption also can reduce the period of imprisonment of some criminals according to Kenney (1999). This is due to the fact that some police officers can get corrupted by others so that they can keep criminals behind bars for a long time. In case where police can not be bribed by those who report criminal acts to imprison the suspects then incarceration is likely to reduce. For instance officials in New Orleans who work in conjunction with the FBI have been able to reduce cases of police corruption which have also reduced incarceration and homicides. Police corruption however, can reduces rate of incarceration in that those who involved in criminal acts can chose bribe the police so they can minimize their cases hence less imprisonment period. Police corruption can increase ones incarceration due to the fact they are not able to bribe in order to reduce period of impris

SPSS Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SPSS - Statistics Project Example The students could ONLY study in the environment to which they were assigned during the research period. At the end of the 7-week research period, mid-term GPA was computed for each student. A change score was computed for each student: each students spring midterm GPA was subtracted from his or her GPA for the preceding fall semester. The difference was each students GPA Improvement score. The GPA improvement score was used to measure academic performance. Using the SPSS 2 Ãâ€" 3 ANOVA data file for Module 4 (located in Topic Materials), answer the following questions. NOTE: Helpful hints are provided here for you to use while answering these questions. There is no separate answer sheet/guide to use while doing this assignment. Then two†way between subjects ANOVA is used to analyze the results of a between subjects factorial design with two independent variables (factors). The two†way ANOVA tests three hypotheses: the main effects for each of the two factors and the interaction effect b. What do the results of the Tests of Between-Subjects Effects tell you? Was there a significant main effect of Environment on GPA improvement? Was there a significant main effect of Sex on GPA improvement? Was there a significant interaction effect of Environment X Sex on GPA improvement? Report the results for each of these questions providing the actual F-value and p value using the following format: F(df1, df2) = 0.785____, p = .__000_ or if the p is shown as .000, write it as p c. Use eta squared to provide effect size/proportion of variance accounted associated with each F-value. If the F-value for a main effect and/or for an interaction effect is statistically significant, what is the eta squared (ï  ¨2) value associated with that outcome? Report eta squared, ï  ¨2; ignore partial eta squared that SPSS can provide. You have

Police Corruption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Police Corruption - Essay Example This can be attributed to the fact that the word ‘corruption’ is not actually neutral. This implies that anything said to be corrupt is just bad and cannot be tolerated. As a result people tend to pay les attention to what is preferred as corrupt action. Hence police corruption has been viewed as a type of subculture. One form of police corruption is the petitioning for and receiving bribes in return for not reporting a crime or any illegal activity as suggested by Cole and Smith (2007. Other form may include a police officer breaking the police code of conduct so as to prevent conviction of a suspect, for instance via the use of untrustworthy evidence. In most major cities like in the cities of the United States, there are sections of internal affairs whose work is to investigate police officers who have been suspected of corrupt actions. For instance in the United States there is the Knapp Commission which inspected issues of police corruption in the New York city in t he 1970’s. There are various sorts of police corruption acts; one is the corruption of authority where police officers are given free items by the suspects. Secondly, there is the act of opportunistic theft from the suspects and the victims of a criminal act. The other act of corruption is the kickbacks which refer to receiving payment through referring individuals to other businesses. Shakedowns are other acts of corruption which refer to receiving bribes instead of pursuing a crime. Another corrupt act is a police officer protecting illegal activity by individual and accepting payments in return from the individual involved. Fixing is another corrupt crime which involves the police officer withholding evidence on a crime or not presenting himself or herself in court during the judicial hearing for favor of the suspect. Another act of corruption is the internal payoff whereby prerogatives of the law enforcing organizations for instance holidays are sold and bought. The other sort of police cor ruption is where the police officers engage in the direct criminal activities. Last but not the least is the frame-up sort of police corruption where the police officer ads or removes information about suspects evidence in his/her favor. In American policing some forms of police corruption can be a norm as opposed to exception. However despite the form of police corruption it might be, police corruption is illegal and those who practice it should face the law. Incarceration Police corruption can be a major threat to the issue of incarceration. As a result reducing police corruption can reduce incarceration. This is due to the fact that if police officers fail to receive bribes many criminals will reduce their criminal acts hence reduced imprisonment. Reducing or ending police corruption also can reduce the period of imprisonment of some criminals according to Kenney (1999). This is due to the fact that some police officers can get corrupted by others so that they can keep criminals behind bars for a long time. In case where police can not be bribed by those who report criminal acts to imprison the suspects then incarceration is likely to reduce. For instance officials in New Orleans who work in conjunction with the FBI have been able to reduce cases of police corruption which have also reduced incarceration and homicides. Police corruption however, can reduces rate of incarceration in that those who involved in criminal acts can chose bribe the police so they can minimize their cases hence less imprisonment period. Police corruption can increase ones incarceration due to the fact they are not able to bribe in order to reduce period of impris

The civil War Essay Example for Free

The civil War Essay The beginnings of the American Civil War were born from a disagreement between the Northern and Southern part of the United States of America. The south still believed in slavery and wanted to use it as a normal routine since slave labor constituted a major part of their workforce (Greene 302). The sentiments in the north were much different as they believed that a ban on slavery was only proper and the northerners were willing to make sure that the entire United States took part in this. The southerners did not want such a change to occur and this is when the civil war began. â€Å"Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction. † (Greene 306) The result of the Civil war was the emancipation of the slaves and the abolition of all forms of slavery. The effect, however, is arguable as many cite that the abolition of slavery in itself is a major achievement but more authoritative sources state that it did not totally remove the racism that was to follow (Greene 306). The effects of the Civil War were more local as opposed to the American Revolution. Which One Had a Greater Impact? After reading a number of sources and understanding the situation of the war, I feel that the American Revolution was the biggest achievement for the country and it had a greater impact on the country as well as the world (Greene 309). Even though slavery was also to be eliminated, there was a need for the country to include all the individuals into the decision making of the government. There was a need to provide the individuals with the freedom of speech as well as thought so that they can think the best for themselves. Another effect is that the end of the British Rule over the Americans led a wave of self-determination across the world and showed the other colonized countries that they too could fight for their independence (Greene 310).The Civil War had no such effect on slavery as slavery continued to occur in other parts of the world such as the African Continent. References Blanco, Richard. The American Revolution: An Encyclopedia 2 vol (1993), 1850 pages Greene, Jack P. and J. R. Pole, eds. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (1994), 845pp; emphasis on political ideas; revised edition (2004) titled A Companion to the American Revolution Online Sources Wikipedia. (2007). American Revolution. Retrieved on April 26, 2007 from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/American_RevolutionWikipedia. (2007). American Civil War. Retrieved on April 26, 2007 from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/American_Civil_War In Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution, McPherson claims that the Civil War brought about a much more radical change in government than the revolution of 1776. Find sources from this period that would support or challenge this statement. Look closely at the ways the decision to enter the Civil War tested the Constitution and the national sense of unity. Do you believe the country was strengthened or weakened by the Civil War?

Quantitative And Qualitative Methodologies

Quantitative And Qualitative Methodologies This essay analyses the key viewpoints underpinning the theory and critically evaluate the suitability of quantitative and qualitative methodologies to undertake an empirical research into procurement practice through a literature review. However the way in which research is conducted may be conceived of in terms of the research philosophy subscribed to, the research strategy employed and so the research instruments utilised in the pursuit of a goal the research objectives and the quest for the solution of a problem the research question. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the research philosophy in relation to other philosophies; expound the research strategy, including the research methodologies and techniques that suits the proposed research aim (Jankowicz 2003a; Stevenson and Cooper 1997) The essay discusses the research philosophies; set out the approaches to research positivist and interpretivist; quantitative and qualitative studies, and how they are mixed. Denzin and Lincoln (1998) state that a research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analysed and used. The term epistemology (what is known to be true) as opposed to doxology (what is believed to be true) encompasses the various philosophies of research approach. Holden and Lynch (2004) argue that depending where the researcher sits on the continuum of these two extremes, their ontological stance will influence their core assumptions concerning the epistemology and human nature (Holden and Lynch 2004). However, Guyer and Wood (1998) argue that the purpose of science, then, is the process of transforming things believed into known: doxa to episteme. Creswell (2007) argue that before any type of research methodology or strategy is chosen, there should be a definition of what information is needed to respond to the research question. It is important to make explicit why one choose to collect information on a certain subject and not on another, and why choose to treat this case in the study and not the other (Creswell 2007). The research paradigm provides accepted methods of collecting data. The term paradigm refers to the progress of scientific practice based on peoples philosophies and assumptions about the world and the nature of knowledge (Collis and Hussey 2003, p:46) However, Jankowicz (2005) pointed out that the researcher must understand their own ontological position because it will determine what evidence is collected and what evidence is set aside in building the research argument, which is to do with ones epistemology. In the field of social science where the proposed research aim Supplier Relationship Management fits into, there has been increasing debate regarding the research methods and theory construction. Bryman et al (2008). Fish (1990) focused on the distinctions between and relative merits of the traditional objective or positivist approach and the alleged subjective approaches variously described as naturalistic, qualitative, phenomenological, and most recently interpretive. (Fish and Dorris 1990). Giorgi (1971) characterised traditional scientific approach as reductionistic, in reducing phenomena to operational definitions; deterministic, in that all phenomena are believed to have causes which can be duplicated; predictive, in that the goal is to predict behaviour; observer independent, in that the researcher tries not to influence the data; empirical, in that only observable data are to be examined; repeatable, so that the research can be replicated by other investigators; quantitative, in that the phenomena should be described in a measurable terms. So, traditional research examines variables in order to predict behaviour. (Giorgi, 1971) Giorgi (1971:21) posits that the essential question for the human science is not how do we measure phonomena? but rather, what do the phenomena mean? Hirschheim et al. (1985) state that both research traditions start in Classical Greek times with Plato and Aristotle (positivists) on the one hand, and the sophists (anti-positivists) on the other. After long, dark periods in European scientific thought, the renaissance of the discipline came in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (Hirschheim and Klein 1985). Sandberg (2004) as referred to in Weber (2004), state that the alleged differences between positivist and interpretive research approaches can be characterised in a number of ways. One could argue whether Sandberg characterisation would be accepted widely. However, before the two different approaches are analysed their differences needs to be explored (Weber 2004). Weber (2004) describes how positivism and interpretivism supposedly differ in terms of their various metatheoretical assumptions. Morgan and Smircich (1980) argues that the subjectivist ontological position maintains that reality does not exist outside oneself, that ones mind is ones world, hence reality is all imagination. The polemic position to that of the subjectivist is the objectivist ontological position, which is one of realism (Morgan and Smircich 1980) Weber (2004) asserts this argument and stated that positivist supposedly believe that reality is separate from the individual who observes it. They apparently consider subject (the researcher) and object (the phenomena in the world that are their focus) to be two separate, independent things. In short, positivistic ontology is alleged to be dualistic in nature. In contrast, interpretivists believe that reality and the individual who observes it cannot be separate (Weber 2004). In a nutshell, that the perceptions about the world are inextricably bound to a stream of experiences that one has had throughout our lives. The life-world has both subjective an objective characteristics. According to Holden and Lynch (2004) objectivists contend the world will still exist as an empirical entity, made up of hard tangible and relatively immutable structures, independent of the cognitive efforts of individuals. The objective characteristics reflect what one constantly negotiates this meaning with others with whom people interact. In other words, it is objective in the sense that it reflects an intersubjective reality (Holden and Lynch 2004). Kuhn (1970) added, for positivists the objects they research have qualities that exists independent of the researcher. However, interpretivists believe that the qualities they ascribe to the objects they research are socially constructed they are product of their life-worlds. (Kuhn, T. S. (1970) Lee (1989) and Dubà © et al (2003) assert this argument and state that positivists tend to use laboratory experiments, field experiments, and surveys as their preferred research methods. They seek large amount of empirical data that they can analyze statistically to detect underlying regularities. In the other hand, interpretivists tend to use case studies, ethnographic studies, phenomenographic studies, and ethnomethodological studies as their preferred research methods (Weber 2004). Easterby-Smith et al (1991) argue that objectivist content that the relationship between man and society is deterministic, we are born into a world in which there are causal laws that explain patterns of our social behaviour. Alternatively, Dubà © (2003) argues that a statement made by a researcher is true when it has a one-to-one mapping to the reality that exists beyond the human mind (a correspondence theory of truth). On the other hand, interpretivists subscribe to a notion of truth whereby a researchers initial interpretation of some phenomenon conforms to the meaning given to the phenomenon through the researchers lived experience of it (Weber 2004). Searle (1999) find the alleged differences between positivist and interpretivist in relation to ontology to be vacuous. He admits that some kind of reality exists beyond our perception of it! Kuhn (1970) recognises the inherent limitations of the knowledge they seek to build. Positivists understand fully that their culture, experience, history, and so on impact the research work they undertake and thus the results of their work. In Kuhns (19970) view, irrespective of whether researchers believe in an objective reality that exists beyond the human mind or a socially constructed reality, all accept that the artefacts they build to understand the world (theories, frameworks, constructs, etc) are socially constructed. Kuhn (1970) goes on to argue that research is a continuous journey to find improved ways to understand this reality. It is apparent from Lee (1989) and Dubà © (2003) argument that positivists researchers fully understand that we have no way of knowing the world as it really is, at least for the moment. In this light, pragmatically they can place little value on a theory of truth that relies on the level of correspondence between research statements they make and an unknowable thing (Weber 2004). Dubà © (2003) added, there are no differences between positivist notions of validity and interpretivist notions of validity. The position of the Author in this debate leans toward notion that tries to measure reality in a research. There is no way of knowing reality, so how can one know whether his measure of reality, whatever reality might be, is valid? What is believed to be a reality at one particular point in time, may change, for example, with new knowledge, at a later point in time, therefore it was never a true reality originally then! Fundamentally, the Author sees little difference in positivist and interpretivist notions of reliability. Both groups of researches are concerned ultimately with the idea of replicability. In the case of positivists, the strategies and methods for achieving replicability are more straightforward because the research methods they tend to use are well-defined and routinized. Weber (2004) argue that in the case of interpretivists, replicability is a more-difficult goal to achieve because the research methods they tend to use are less well-defined and the subjective nature of interpretation is acknowledged explicitly. For these reasons, interpretivists try to lay out clearly their research methods and ways in which they have achieved certain kinds of interpretations. (Weber, 2004). Klein and Myers (1999) questioned whether there is any difference between positivism and interpretivism. The Author believes that the differences lie more in the choice of the research methods rather than any substantive differences at a methatheoretical level. In this regard, researchers who labelled themselves as positivists tend to use certain kinds of research methods in their work experiments, surveys, and field studies. Interpretivists, on the other hand, tend to use other kinds of research methods in their work case studies, ethnographic studies, phenomenographic studies, and ethnomethodological studies (Klein and Myers 1999). The researcher believes that there are large-scale social forces affecting and influencing individuals interpretations and behaviour (Collis and Hussey 2003). Although there are a number of variations in terminology, the majority of literature appear to use the terminology positivist to describe the quantitative approach, which is objective in nature as mentioned in this essay, and employs inductive research methods; and interpretivist to describe the quantitative approach which is subjective in nature and employs deductive research methods. (Davies, 1968). The issue of quality and quality criteria in social science research is a topic that has become increasingly prominent in methodological discussions in recent years. Gurtler and Huber (2006) argue that qualitative and quantitative methodology textbooks as well as research reports often use ambiguous language in the sense that many formulations cannot be assigned unequivocally to one of the main methodological orientations (Gurtler and Huber 2006). However, Gilmore and Carson (1996) argue that the adaptability and flexibility of qualitative research methods and techniques throughout the entire research process have many advantages. For example, at an early exploratory stage of research, qualitative methods allow the researcher to become familiar with the area(s) of interest, explore the fields and consider the dimensions involved because of their open-ended, non-pre-ordained nature (Gilmore and Carson 1996). Cohen and Manion (1994) as referred in Milliken (2001), who identified two competing views of the social sciences, modify this perspective. One view posits that social sciences are essentially the same as natural sciences and are therefore concerned with discovering natural and universal laws regulating and determining individual and social behaviour (Milliken 2001). The other view emphasises how people differ from inanimate natural phenomena and from each other, while sharing the rigour of the natural sciences and the same concern of traditional social science to describe and explain human behaviour. Hunt (1994) supported by Van Eijkelenburg (1995) argued that it is time for the advocates of both qualitative and qualitative methods to declare a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦rhetorical cease-fire (Van Eijkelenburg 1995). Kirk and Miller (1986) advocated that qualitative research is implicitly orientated to the question of validity. The polemic approach to quantitative research is qualitative research. Medawar (1969) argues It is no use looking to scientific papers for they not only merely conceal but actively misrepresent the reasoning that goes into the work they describe (Medawar 1969). However, Crescentini and Mainnardi (2009) state that what makes a research question a qualitative one is precisely the nature of this combination: qualitative goals are different from quantitative ones, and qualitative questions are asked in a particular way and refer to qualitative contents. The peculiarities of qualitative goals reside in the way the question is framed a need to describe, verify or understand. A qualitative research question must explore a qualitative argument in a qualitative way. The question has to be grounded in a qualitative argument. (Crescentini and Mainnardi 2009) Some literatures suggest that there is quite often a mismatch between the rationale for combining quantitative and qualitative research and how it is used in practice. (Bryman 2009). Fisher (2004) makes an interesting observation on the subject of mixing methods. If you take a realist stance, then aspects of an interpretivist approach could be brought in as useful adjunct to the research. But they also claim that the reverse is not true. If you are doing interpretivist research, then there is no way that an element of realism (or more seriously an element of positivism) can add to it. This is because of the positivists view of the world i.e. things are real and can be measured, which would totally contradict the interpretivist perspective of the world. Robson (1993) argues that triangulation in its various forms, or multiple methods, of obtaining information can be valuable if two sources give the same message, then to some extent they cross-validate each other and provide a means of testing one source of information against other sources which results in more credible results. According to Denzin (1978:291) triangulation as a form of combination of methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon has become more widely accepted now as a means of ensuring validity. There is a distinct tradition in the literature on social science research methods that advocates the use of multiple methods. This form of research strategy is usually described as one of convergent methodology, multimethod/multitrait (Campbell and Fiske, 1959). Jick (1979) argue that these various notions share the conception that qualitative and quantitative methods should be viewed as complementary rather than as rival camps. In fact, most textbooks underscore the desirability of mixing methods given the strengths and weaknesses found in single method designs. Yet those who most strongly advocate triangulation (e.g., Webb et al., 1966; Smith, 1975; Denzin 1978) fail to indicate how this prescribed triangulation is actually performed and accomplished. However, Gill and Johnson (2002) claim that multi methods are infrequently applied mainly due to the fact that multi methods are extremely time consuming and can be costly. Indeed, they argue that where methods are well separated from one another, this approach would be impracticable (op cit). Despite this view, Easterby-Smith et at (1991) argue that in recent decades there has been a move towards researchers developing methods and approaches (triangulation) that provide a middle ground and some bridging between the two extreme viewpoints. Triangulation of methods certainly appears to be gaining support and as Hussey and Hussey (1997) point out, triangulation can overcome the potential bias and sterility of single method approaches. Rohner (1977) argue that in all various triangulations designs one basic assumption is buried. The effectiveness of triangulation rests on the premise that the weaknesses in each single method will be compensated by the counter-balancing strengths of another. The proposed research aim, as mentioned early in this essay, is the Supplier Relationship Management. As the research will require use of e-survey, semi-structured and structured interview the mixed method approach revealed to be the most suitable. There are both quantitative and qualitative research elements in the research. There are quantitative data deriving from the e-survey and there are qualitative data deriving from answers to open questions in the e-survey and the semi-structured interviews. The chief rational for using this combination of sources of data is that it was felt from the literature review for this essay, that a complete picture could not be generated by any one method alone. Each source of data represents an important piece in a jigsaw. (Bryman, et al 2008).

Hydrogen Peroxide Essay examples -- essays research papers

(H2O2), a colourless liquid usually produced as aqueous solutions of various strengths, used principally for bleaching cotton and other textiles and wood pulp, in the manufacture of other chemicals, as a rocket propellant, and for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Solutions containing more than about 8 percent hydrogen peroxide are corrosive to the skin. First recognized as a chemical compound in 1818, hydrogen peroxide is the simplest member of the class of s. Of the several processes of manufacture, the principal ones involve reactions of oxygen from the air with certain organic compounds, especially anthraquinone or isopropyl alcohol. Major commercial grades are aqueous solutions containing 35, 50, 70, or 90 percent hydrogen peroxide and small amounts of stabilizers (often tin salts and phosphates) to suppress decomposition. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen upon heating or in the presence of numerous substances, particularly salts of such metals as iron, copper, manganese, nickel, or chromium. It combines with many compounds to form crystalline solids useful as mild oxidizing agents; the best-known of these is sodium perborate (NaBO2H2O23H2O or NaBO34H2O). With certain organic compounds, hydrogen peroxide reacts to form hydroperoxides or peroxides, several of which are used to initiate polymerization reactions. In most of its reactions, hydrogen peroxide oxidizes other substances, although it is itself oxidized by a few compounds, such as potassium perm...

Capitalism and the Joy of Working :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enjoyment of work and creativity is more important to most people than higher pay. Employers cant pay to get more creativity because it is not just about the money. Something meaningful and challenging is generally more important for new workers coming into the workforce. No more is it the hope of reaching fame or making money that drives the workforce. It’s the opportunity to do the work that is enjoyed. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, a psychologist at the University of Chicago and author of Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement With Everyday Life, has found through his research that for some people, paying them to do things they enjoy actually reduces their interest in doing those things. Another theory is that if you take your hobby and turn it into a career you wont enjoy it as much.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capitalism plays a key factor in creativity because the workforce needs to be stimulated in order to produce good results. â€Å"Cracking the whip† on an assembly line stifles creativity in the workplace and most workplaces are not assembly lines like they were a while back. Leaders that work under an authoritarian model stifle creativity and innovation. This will ultimately lead to low productivity and low turnover within the workforce. The â€Å"good life† just doesn’t happen anymore. There aren’t millions of people working in assembly lines and in automobile manufacturing plants .. people are creating their happiness and most of it is a direct result on how they spend their time while they are punched into a clock.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When what we do at work is meaningful people don’t get bored or distracted, they get so involved they forget to eat. The world, and capitalism, needs creativity and innovation and without it would breed a lull in change and technology. Obviously, change and technology are what drives our capitalistic society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I remember my father always telling me that in order to appreciate and value the things you have you have to work for them yourself. I think the same holds true for business ventures. Having a personal interest and a personal bank account on line drives one to succeed possibly all the more than k working for a set paycheck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wealth and prosperity are created with capitalism. Freedom, self-interest and competition make for a healthy environment engulfed in capitalism. Freedom is the rights to exchange products and capital. Self-interest is the right to pursue ones own happiness (which after all is the American way) which transforms into pursuing ones own business and use it to appeal to the consumers.

Group Psychology Essay

Irwin Mansdorf in his article The Psychology Framework of Suicide Terrorism brings out another aspect of group psychology in an attempt to explain what has motivated various groups and their members to be involved in suicide bombing e disagrees with those portraying The Palestinians suicide bombers as desperate rot who are driven by their suicidal motives. He feels that individual psychopathology does not play any important role in this case. (Mansdart, I 2003) Group dynamics are responsible in reinforcing behavior within these people’s culture where those who carry out suicide bombing are seen as heroes where their faces are displayed in the open for every one to see and their immediate families are handsomely rewarded for their sons bravely and commitment to serve the community. The families are rewarded with great respect and financial considerations. (Bloom, M 2004) Suicide in the clinical sense may be directly related to personal psychological state at the time of committing the acts. In the case of suicide of suicide bombing, Irwin has observed that there is no close relationship with personal clinical psychopathology. He believes hat these people are drawn by the political and nationalistic aspects advocated by their groups. (Mansdart, I 2003) Kamikaze pilots used this tactic to attack American in the pacific during the Second World War. Several researches carried out have not pointed that the pilots were suicidal rather they are seen as people who were driven by a strong desire to fight for their country. They never at any time display any signs of abnormal behavior which could have led to suicide. The letters Kamikaze pilots wrote to their families show that they were calm and in a peaceful state before they carried out the misson. Their expectations beyond death served as the motivational factor for them to fight the enemy knowing that they have served the nation and they will be heavily be rewarded in the life after. (Mansdart, I 2003) A closer look at the Tamil tigers brings out the same picture; the group has been responsible for the most suicide bombing carried out by any organization in the world. Those who carry out these activities are fighters who have are well trained and fully dedicated to their cause. In all the cases the group chooses volunteers based on their record as fighters. Those who are involved in the suicide bombing are not described as victims of any psychological condition which can drive them to volunteer to participate in this activity but rather they are drawn by great dedication to serve their group and to a large extent liberate their people from the yokes of occupation. (Bloom, M 2004) In most cases of suicide bombing according to Irwin observation the purpose of mission is rarely due to desperation or hopelessness. The suicide bombers were focused drawing inspiration from nationalism and large the group identity. Irwin explains that group pressure and identity inspires a suicide bomber into action. They are manipulated ,brainwashed and made to believe that after carrying out the mission they will be honored as martyrs, their families will be recognizes and reward greatly. The recruits are never allowed to leave denying the m an opportunity to back down from the mission. (Mansdart, I 2003) Recruitment The number of organizations carrying out attacks has increased in the recent past. These organizations are found in almost all the corners of the world. This increase also means the number of recruits needed to carry out the suicide attacks is on the rise. According to the latest statistics more than forty countries in the world have experienced suicide bombing attacks since 1980s. It is estimated that there are sixty known groups which employ suicide bombing as a fighting technique. (Reuter, C 2004) Despite an increase in the number of organization employing this tactic, there have been no shortages of people of people who are willing to put their lives on the line for the sake of the organization or cause they believe in. There has been an upward surge in the number of suicide bombings in the recent past, this means that the number of people who are willing to die for what they believe in has also increased. (Kramer, M 1991) Recruits in suicide bombing are drawn from a variety of backgrounds. There has been a perception that people who are involved are usually psychopaths, insane or poor but this is not the case. Most of those who have been recruited are usually well educated, relatively rich. These are people who ready to sacrifice their lives for a cause and are more than willing to go to any length to kill themselves. In the recent past trends have been changing where even children have been involved in suicide bombings. As the Middle East conflict escalate militants groups in Palestine are actively involved in recruitment of young people. One of the groups Al aqsa-intifada has been actively involved in the recruitment of children as suicide bombers. Other groups which have been employing the same mode are the Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine, Fatah, Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Hamas are known to run kindergartens, where children are taught all the tactics and the need to sacrifice their souls for the sake of their people. These children in the kindergarten are made to believe that they are the holy martyrs in making. (Shay, S 2003) There are several factors that qualify one as a recruit for suicide bombing recruit. A number of organizations in the Middle East take into consideration ones religion. It has been noted that almost all the recruits who have participated in the Palestinians suicide bombings are staunch Muslims. Once a new recruit is taken in especially children they are taken in for an intensive training which involves reciting of the Koran. Therefore knowledge of Koran becomes very crucial in taking in the recruits. Criminal record also plays a significant role in the selection of those who are to take part in any given task as far as these groups are concerned. Those who have a clean criminal record are first considered for the task, this is because they attract little attention from the authorities therefore carrying out their mission successfully. (Reuter, C 2004) This is a policy that has been employed by the Hamas and the Hezbollah groups of the Middle East. (Noval, M 1999) Most of the organization rely on volunteers to carryout their missions, when the current Iranian president Mohmoud Ahamedinejad came into power he appealed to the youth from the Muslim countries to come forward and help in fighting Israel and United States. Most other terror groups appeal to their members to volunteer and get trained as suicide bombers . In the Palestine there are many youth who are willing to volunteer, these people may be driven by the promises made or purely to fulfill their religious obligation as spelt out in the recruiting organizations. Most of the suicide bombers are selected at an early age, educated and then set off to carry out their duty when they are just about in their twenties or in their late teenage years. Those who a re recruited are normally encouraged to cut themselves from the outside world as they are subjected to the intense training and recitations of the holy book to prepare them for the task ahead. Governments also sponsor some of the groups involved in the suicide bombings where those who participate are given monetary rewards. Iranian president is on the record urging his countrymen to come out and be trained for a fight with the western powers. Those who volunteered were promised compensation for the families and great honor once they have successively carried out the mission given. There have been considerable involvement of the Iranian government in the training of the terror outfits; a training center was opened when Ahamednijad came into power. This center which came to be known as the Lovers of Martyrdom Garrison has been involved in recruiting and training of suicide bombers who according to the Iranian president are to help in fighting the western powers who have occupied the Muslim territory. The volunteers’ suicide bombers have been equated to nuclear bombs owned by the United States and Israel and they are meant to cause wanton destruction against the enemy. Conclusion Suicide bombers are just as ordinary people, but there are forces within them which make them carry out their missions. These forces range from desparation, nationalistic ideals or religion. Debate on what makes a suicide bomber tick will continue for a long time as different people will see different motives for a given group of attackers. As far as those factors which breed terror remain with us suicide bombing will continue to be with us for a long time, attracting much attention from different scholars whose aim is to understand the factors behind these daring acts. References Radu, M (2004) Radical Islam and Suicide Bomber, Retrieved from http://www.fpri.org/